South+East+ENMA 

= **School resegregation is occuring now across the United States – a failure to enforce Brown v. the Board hampers integration** = **Roda**, Assistant Professor at Molloy College, Tractenberg, former Professor at Rutgers Law, and Coughlan, PhD Candidate in Urban Systems at Rutgers-Newark College, **2016** "More than sixty-two years after the United States Supreme Court’s unanimous decision in Brown v. Board of Education,1 the nation is still wrestling withhow to integrate our schools. Indeed, recent evidence indicates the problem has been worsening." "Morris may provide an effective counter-narrative to the story told in most of the rest of the nation over the years since Brown."
 * LAMDL T1 **
 * Advantage 1 is Discrimination **

= **Failure to integrate schools produces a segregated society and legitimizes discrimination – government action is key because of the complexity and magnitude of the problem** = **Orfield** et al., Professor of Education, Law, Political Science and Urban Planning at UCLA, ** 2016 ** "We look forward to the forthcoming report of a major study of these issues by the Government Accountability Office (GAO), the highly influential agency that monitors federal programs and policy for Congress."

"We need to create schools that build a society where the talent of all is developed and students of all races/ethnicities are prepared to understand and live successfully in a society that moves beyond separation toward mutual respect and integration."

= **The impact outweighs -- discrimination is a form of structural violence that locks in social tensions which culminate in major wars – outweighs other impacts -- contestation is key** = **Szentes** Professor Emeritus at the Corvinus University of Budapest, **2008** "It’ s a common place that human society can survive and develop only in a lasting real peace."

"No ideological or terminological camouflage can conceal this real dilemma any more, which is to be faced not in the distant future, by the next generations, but in the coming years, because of global terrorism soon having nuclear and other mass destructive weapons, and also due to irreversible changes in natural environment."

= **Integration in schools solves other manifestations of inequality – exposure to difference decreases implicit bias and prejudice while fostering critical thinking about structural inequality** = **Cobo**, PhD Candidate in Sociology and Education Policy at Columbia University, Wells and, Professor of Sociology and Education at Columbia University, and Fox, **2016**, "The findings on the racial achievement gap are particularly notable given that school desegregation policy was too often implemented without much attention to students’ day-to-day experiences within racially mixed schools"

"Further, a longitudinal study on the link between K–12 and post-secondary exposure to diverse learning environments showed that the positive relationship between diversity in higher education and outcomes related to satisfaction, well-being, and racial attitudes are stronger among students who had already had more experiences with diverse learning environments before college"

= **Education is key – it’s a central starting point to resolve multiple sources of inequality** = **Ireland**, PhD in English from the State University of New York at Buffalo, **2016** "The odds of his escaping a poverty-ridden lifestyle, despite innate intelligence and drive, were long."

"And yet, in the world’s most prosperous major nation, it remains an elusive goal for millions of children and teenagers."

= **Plan** =


 * The United States federal government, via Section 5 of the Fourteenth Amendment, should substantially increase regulations of K-12 schools that receive public funding by implementing a law to address racial segregation in public education and **** provide financial incentives for racially diverse elementary and secondary education in the United States. **

= **Solvency** =

= **The plan is a __comprehensive mechanism__ to address racial segregation in public education --- congressional action is critical** = **Epperson**, **12** --- Associate Professor of Law, American University Washington College of Law (Winter 2012,Lia, Harvard Law & Policy Review, “SYMPOSIUM: EDUCATION: EQUALITY OF OPPORTUNITY: Legislating Inclusion,” 6 Harv. L. & Pol'y Rev. 91, Lexis-Nexis Academic, JMP) "In its examination of Section 5 power to protect fundamental rights and suspect classes, the Court has continued to underscore Congress's substantial authority."

"One of the more hopeful and substantive paths for addressing racial segregation and isolation in American schools and their attendant inequities may be incapitalizing on Congress's significant enforcement power under Section 5 of the Fourteenth Amendment to consciously create a remedy for twenty-first century structural ills."

= ** Incentives are key – they increase desegregation efforts – empirical evidence proves mandates alone fail ** =
 * __ Cascio __ **__ et al, Assistant Professor Economics at UC Davis, **2005** __

"Although Brown vs. Board of Education ostensibly prohibited segregated schools, ten years after its passage, the vast majority of Southern school districts remained completely segregated, causing some to suggest that the courts were ineffective in bringing about desegregation"

"The importance of courts relative to Congress may have increased over time and may have varied across places; we therefore plan to expand on this analysis to incorporate more information on litigation and court-ordered desegregation plans over time to investigate the potential interactions between legislation and litigation, providing a clearer understanding of the forces that reduced segregation throughout the 1960s and 1970s."

=LAMDL T5=

Service Learning Projects have been vanishing from education curriculum
CNCSUS 08 (Corporation for National and Community Service, Office of Research and Policy Development Washington, DC. Written by Kimberly Spring, Policy Analyst; Robert Grimm, Jr., Director of Research and Policy Development; Nathan Dietz, Senior Research Associate and Statistician. []) Schools continue to demonstrate … engage students in service-learning.

The banking model of education undermines student creativity and individuality – perpetuating the notions of social servitude
Freire 93 – Paulo Freire, Educated at Federal University of Pernambuco, Freire has been recognized worldwide for his profound impact on educational thought and practice. He received numerous awards including honorary doctorates, the King Balduin Prize for International Development, the Prize for Outstanding Christian Educators in 1985 with Elza, and the UNESCO 1986 Prize for Education for Peace, 1993("PEDAGOGY of the OPPRESSED – Edition 2", The Continuum International Publishing Group Inc, Originally Published in 1972, Available Online from http://www.msu.ac.zw/elearning/material/1335344125freire_pedagogy_of_the_oppresed.pdf, Accessed on 7-12-2017)//BM Edited for Gendered Language*

A careful analysis of … the threat of student conscientização.

====The banking model of education turns the system into a factory that promotes placid acceptance of abusive status quo norms and indoctrinates students into assuming that there is always a political solution. This kills revolutionary thinking – only through the aff can we achieve the decentralization of power relations necessary for students to challenge the system==== Coles 14 (Tait Coles is VP at Dixons City Academy in Bradford and an author specializing in education, “Critical pedagogy: school must equip students to challenge the status quo,” The Guardian, 2/25/14, []) @ AG He developed a structured curriculum … the moral purpose of education.

The banking system of education is a form of structural violence that locks in the social tensions that culminate into major wars – outweighs other impacts
Szentes Professor Emeritus at the Corvinus University of Budapest, 2008 Tamás, “Globalisation and prospects of the world society” 4/22/08 http://www.eadi.org/fileadmin/Documents/Events/exco/Glob.___prospects_-_jav..pdf It’ s a common place that … irreversible changes in natural environment.

Structural Violence is the root cause of all barriers to fundamental human needs, an increase in service learning is a fundamental first step
L. Cattell 09 (Laura Cattell was a justice, peace, and conflict research major at EMU. For this case study she received top honors in the bi-national C. Henry Smith Peace Oratorical Contest in 2009 and is now a senior worker with the Maryland Conservation Corps. https://emu.edu/cms-links/peacebuilding/docs/laura-cattell.pdf ) Structural Violence in the … without advocacy it is short-sighted.

Service Learning Key to Re-Framing the Power Relations and Educational Institutions that maintain Structural Violence
D. Butin 05 (Dan Sarofian-Butin, PhD, is a Full Professor in, and was Founding Dean of, the School of Education & Social Policy at Merrimack College. have served on national task forces for MIT, AAC&U, the US Department of Education, NSF, and the Carnegie Corporation. Service Learning in Higher Education: Critical Issues and Directions [] Service-learning in higher … decide in which directions we will be moved.

Education is key – it’s a central starting point to resolve multiple sources of inequality
Ireland, PhD in English from the State University of New York at Buffalo, 2016 Corydon, 2/15/2016, The costs of inequality: Education’s the one key that rules them all, http://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2016/02/the-costs-of-inequality-educations-the-one-key-that-rules-them-all/ The odds of his escaping … it remains an elusive goal for millions of children and teenagers.

Plan
====The United States Federal Government should substantially increase regulation of K-12 Public Education by amending the Every Student Succeeds Act in compliance with the National Youth Leadership Council’s standards on Service-Learning and increase Service-Learning funding nationwide for low-income communities.====

Service Learning Standards Key to Meaningful SLP Experience
J. Wang 09 (Julie Wang is a Service-Learning Consultant along with Nicky Martin and Erich Stiefvater at LEARNS at the Northwest Regional Educational Laboratory, which provides training and technical assistance to Corporation-funded programs serving youth. LEARNS is a partnership of the Northwest Regional Educational Laboratory and the Bank Street College of Education, and this article was written in collaboration with the Corporation for National and Community Service. []) K–12 Service-Learning Standards for Quality Practice … to address community needs and meet specified outcomes.

The plan incrementally scales up conditions and funding - anything short of this fails
Black, 17 - Professor of Law, University of South Carolina School of Law (Derek, “Abandoning the Federal Role in Education: The Every Student Succeeds Act”, 102 CALIFORNIA LAW REVIEW [Vol. 105:101, SSRN) Congress can then realign … outlined in the following sections.

__Overwhelming historical evidence__ proves the federal government is the __only__ entity capable of overcoming local resistance to equitable funding

 * Robinson, 15** - Professor, University of Richmond School of Law (Kimberly, “Disrupting Education Federalism” WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY LAW REVIEW [VOL. 92:959, []

By enacting federal legislation … between federal influence and responsibility

Framing
[1989, Barbara Omolade is a historian of black women for the past twenty years and an organizer in both the women’s and civil rights/black power movements, “We Speak for the Planet” in “Rocking the ship of state : toward a feminist peace politics”, pp. 172-176]**modified for abelist language**
 * Emphasis on apocalyptic extinction as the number one priority is a discussion that sidelines institutionalized discrimination – the notion that peace is the absence of war guarantees the impact as it establishes genocidal violence of the historical world **
 * Omolade 89 **
 * Recent efforts by Soviet leader … pervasive and through as nuclear war. **

Don’t prefer big stick impacts – predictions of extinction stop change and detailed risk scenarios are too unlikely to outweigh the case Yudkowsky 06**– cites Bruce Schneier, a security expert – Eliezer Yudkowsky, 8/31/2006, Singularity Institute for Artificial Intelligence Palo Alto, CA. “Cognitive biases potentially affecting judgment of global risks,” Forthcoming in Global Catastrophic Risks, eds. Nick Bostrom and Milan Cirkovic, singinst.org/upload/cognitive-biases.pdf.

The conjunction fallacy similarly applies … Yet for a futurist, disjunctions make for an awkward and unpoetic-sounding prophecy.