ELC+ReRo

Zero tolerance refer to strict codes of conduct in schools
The Free Dictionary no date —The Free Dictionary, American online dictionary, cross-references the contents of The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, the Columbia Encyclopedia, the Computer Desktop Encyclopedia, the Hutchinson Encyclopedia and Wikipedia, as well as the Acronym Finder database, several financial dictionaries, legal dictionaries and other content. (“Zero Tolerance,” Legal Dictionary via The Free Dictionary by Farlex, Available Online at [], Accessed 07-30-2017) //Zero Tolerance// //The policy of applying laws …// judgment in maintaining school safety.

Plan
====The United States federal government should rule that zero tolerance policies in elementary and secondary education are a violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment through an application of the rational basis test.====

Advantage One is Discrimination,
====First, Schools are key — status quo disciplinary policies resemble the modern-day Jim Crow and are an example of institutionalized racism aimed to further hinder the development of African American school children==== Reynolds 15 (Alexander Reynolds is a Journalist, author, advocate for social justice and global reform of the prison system. “The School-to-Prison Pipeline Is Institutional Racism” http://www.huffingtonpost.com/alexander-reynolds/school-to-prison_b_8108068.html)MW What is the school-to-prison pipeline? __…better investment for society in the long run__

Second, Zero Tolerance Policies are net negative at disciplining students
APA 06 (APA is the leading scientific and professional organization representing psychology in the United States, with more than 115,700 researchers, educators, clinicians, consultants and students as its members. “Zero tolerance policies can have unintended effects, APA report finds” [] ) __Zero tolerance policies in schools… possibly punish a teenager more severely than warranted."__

Third, these institutionalized inequalities condemn __entire populations__ to preventable suffering and death.
Bezruchka 14 — Stephen Bezruchka, Senior Lecturer in Health Services and Global Health at the School of Public Health at the University of Washington, holds a Master of Public Health from Johns Hopkins University and an M.D. from Stanford University, 2014 (“Inequality Kills,” //Divided: The Perils of Our Growing Inequality//, Edited by David Cay Johnston, Published by The New Press, ISBN 9781595589446, p. 194-195) Differences in mortality rates …//economic gap between rich and poor//.

First, current disciplinary procedures entrench racial disparities and structural violence in the US by forcing minority and disabled students into the prison industrial complex
Knefel 13 – Molly Knefel is a journalist and co-host of the daily political podcast, Radio Dispatch. She is also an elementary after-school teacher. //“The School-to-Prison Pipeline: A Nationwide Problem for Equal Rights”// [] MW __What happens to education when …whether it's in schools or on the street."__

Second, Disciplinary reform is the key to resolving the capitalistic exploitation of minorities utilized expand the school to prison pipeline
Porter 15 – Tracie R. Porter; Associate Professor of Law and Director of the Business Law Center, Western State College of Law; B.A., 1990, Cornell College; J.D., 1994, Drake University School of Law. // //The School-to-Prison Pipeline: The Business Side of Incarcerating, Not Educating, Students in Public Schools// // [] // 2005 // Accessed 6/27/2017 // MW __In these days, it is doubtful …has placed on incarceration over education.__

Third, The prison industrial complex is modern fascism – it promotes a culture of genocide which makes the extermination of populations a necessity
Dillon 2013 — Stephen, phd in philosophy, fugitive life: race, gender and the rise of the neoliberal-carceral state, []) __Political repression in the United States …our warnings would be inconceivable.__

First, The plan rules on the rational basis test of the 14th Amendment and Title VI of the Civil Rights Act - that would end zero tolerance policies due to racial discrimination
Skiba et al 9 [RUSSELL J. SKIBA, SUZANNE E. ECKES, AND KEVIN BROWN; Russell J. Skiba, Professor, Indiana University School of Education; Director, Equity Project at Indiana University; B.A., Catholic University, 1975; Ph.D., University of Minnesota, 1987. Suzanne E. Eckes, Associate Professor, Indiana University School of Education; B.A., University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1990; Ed.M., Harvard University, 1998; J.D. and Ph.D. University of Wisconsin-Madison, 2003. Kevin Brown, Professor, Indiana University Maurer School of Law-Bloomington & Emeritus Director of the Hudson & Holland Scholars Program-Indiana University-Bloomington; B.S., Indiana University, 1978; J.D., Yale University, 1982. African American Disproportionality in School Discipline: The Divide Between Best Evidence and Legal Remedy; New York Law School Review; Volume 54: 2009-2010; __http://www.indiana.edu/~equity/docs/Skiba%20et%20al%2054%204.pdf__ ] One criticism of zero tolerance policies … Supreme Court case Alexander v. Sandoval. 162

==== Finally, The USFG should adopt a federal disciplinary law that bans suspensions and expulsions for non-violent offenses and requires implicit bias training – that checks racist discipline in K-12 education ==== McNeal 16 Laura R. McNeal is currently an Assistant Professor of Law at the University of Louisville’s Brandeis School of Law. She also works with the Charles Hamilton Houston Institute for Race and Justice at Harvard Law School. She holds a J.D. from Washington University School of Law and Ph.D. in Education from Illinois State University. Arizona State Law Journal: “MANAGING OUR BLIND SPOT: The Role of Bias in the School-to-Prison Pipeline.” July 31, 2016. []. //The endemic challenge of dismantling …// race in dismantling the school-to-prison pipeline.

**__ Framing __** ==== ** The framework of this debate should be for the judge to vote for the team that best solves for racism. Discussions of race must be at the forefront of political discussions or else it allows the perception that race does not matter. ** ==== Chandler and McKnight 2009 — Prentice Chandler – Ph.D from the University of Alabama, Assistant Professor of Social Studies Education and Critical Race Theory, and Douglas McKnight - Ph.D. Louisiana State University, professor of Educational Leadership, Policy and Technology Studies and Social and Cultural Studies, “//The Failure of Social Education in the United States: A Critique of Teaching the National Story from "White" Colourblind Eyes,” Journal for Critical Education Policy Studies, v7 n2 p217-248 Nov 2009// This avoidance of race in social studies … access to the story for ―people of colour.‖